Functional MRI (fMRI)

Blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI, or BOLD fMRI, is an advanced MRI technique in which level of oxygen present in an area of the brain is used to map out what parts of the brain are activated in specific tasks. In this method, repeated imaging of the brain can be performed while the patient performs a task, and the level of oxygenation changes, showing which parts of the brain are most activated.

MRI Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Diffusion tensor imaging, or DTI, is an advanced MRI technique in which the asymmetric motion of water is used to map out specific properties in the brain. One application of DTI is called tractography, or identifying the specific tracts of neurons which pass through the brain.

Diffusion Module

Process and visualize diffusion images, with the diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) model, the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model, and the new constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) model, addressing the issue of crossing fibers.

constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD)

The corticospinal tract (part of the motor network) and arcuate fasciculus (part of the language network) were tracked, bilaterally, with constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD). The fan shape of the corticospinal tract, in its upper portion, as well as the C-shape of the arcuate fasciculus, can be recognized.

fMRI

Functional MRI (fMRI), also called BOLD imaging, is a magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging technique that makes it possible to detect the brain areas that are involved in a task, a process or an emotion.

MRI Brain Perfusion

Perfusion MRI is based on the analysis of the contrast enhancement of MRI images after a peripheral injection of a contrast agent, e.g. Gd-DTPA. The injection of 0.1 mmol/kg is usually quick (i.e. a bolus), at a rate of 5-10 ml/s, and is followed by a saline flush.

Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI uses a GRE-EPI (T2*-weighted) sequence in which the contrast agent induces an hypointensity. For example, 40 volumes can be acquired every 1.5 seconds during 1 minute. Concentration-versus-time curves are calculated from the variation of the MR image signal induced by the contrast agent. The tissue curves are sometimes deconvolved by the arterial input function (AIF) in order to eliminate the influence of the injection kinetics. From the curves, several parameters can be calculated: cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP), time to peak of the residue function (Tmax), etc.

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) perfusion MRI uses a spoiled fast gradient echo (T1-weighted) sequence in which the contrast agent induces an hyperintensity. Conversion from image signal to concentration-versus-time curves requires a calibration procedure, e.g. a measurement of pre-injection T1 relaxation time by relaxometry. Taking into account the arterial input function (AIF), tracer kinetics models applied to the curves lead to a measurement of the transfer constant between the intra-vascular and extra-vascular spaces Ktrans (a marker of vessel permeability) and of the fractional volume of the extra-vascular extra-cellular space.

DSC perfusion MRI is often used in combination with diffusion MRI for the imaging of ischemic stroke. The mismatch between perfusion and diffusion MRI is a marker of the ischemic penumbra (i.e. the zone which can still be preserved by an appropriate treatment).

In brain tumors, DSC and DCE perfusion can be used to assess the tumoral vascularization, as a marker of the tumor's grade.